With the increasing international effort of research groups and companies around the world, a large portfolio of chemicals can now be produced using microbial cell factories. In addition to the advantage of using renewable resources as carbon sources, microbial cell factories use a relatively lower temperature and pressure and do not use toxic solvents and catalysts for the production of chemicals, unlike conventional chemical processes. The fermentative production of chemicals using engineered microbial cell factories has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to the production of chemicals. Microbial cell factories are engineered microorganisms designed and optimized to produce chemicals of interest from renewable resources such as nonedible biomass or even carbon dioxide. It is crucial to address these pressing issues by transforming the current petrochemical processes into sustainable, environmentally friendly processes for the production of chemicals. However, our overdependence on fossil resources and derived products have led to serious problems such as environmental pollution, extreme weather, and the depletion of fossil resources, which threatens not only humanity but also the entire planet as a whole. Finally, we survey current and future challenges that need to be addressed to advance microbial cell factories for the sustainable production of chemicals.Ĭommercial chemicals produced from fossil resources through petrochemical refinery processes have played an integral part in human society over the past century. In the second part of the Perspective, current trends in design tools and strategies for systems metabolic engineering are discussed with an eye toward the future. ![]() Once these pathways are designed and constructed in the microbial cell factory, systems metabolic engineering strategies can be used to improve the performance of the strain to meet industrial production standards. We highlight key approaches and successful case studies that exemplify these concepts. Recent trends in leveraging native-existing pathways, discovering nonnative-existing pathways, and designing de novo pathways (as nonnative-created pathways) are discussed in this Perspective. The biosynthetic pathways for the production of chemicals can be defined into three categories with reference to the microbial host selected for engineering: native-existing pathways, nonnative-existing pathways, and nonnative-created pathways. Microbial cell factories are engineered microorganisms harboring biosynthetic pathways streamlined to produce chemicals of interests from renewable carbon sources. The sustainable production of chemicals from renewable, nonedible biomass has emerged as an essential alternative to address pressing environmental issues arising from our heavy dependence on fossil resources.
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